摘要
单纯考虑光源运动速度对发射光子的频率和动量、能量的影响，在满足光速（相对于以太参考系）恒定和光子质量可变的情况下，可以通过光子动量矢量合成法则进行处理，由此得到多普勒效应公式，并在特殊情况下得到横向多普勒效应公式。从新的横向多普勒效公式的展开式可见，新公式与爱因斯坦公式都有二阶项，但是新公式的四阶项为正数，爱因斯坦公式的四阶项为负数，可见新公式的理论值要比爱因斯坦公式大一点。在此基础上，分析狭义相对论的横向多普勒效应的实验数据，发现几乎所有（五个）狭义相对论的横向多普勒效应实验的观测值都比理论值大一点，显示出可能存在系统误差。依据横向多普勒效应新公式得到的理论值都比爱因斯坦公式的理论值大一点，因此也更接近于观测值，故其理论值与观测值都符合得更好。进一步分析显示，随着光源速度更接近于光速，狭义相对论的横向多普勒效应公式的四阶效应项是沿着扩大偏差的方向；而新公式的四阶效应项是沿着缩小偏差的方向。这个事实显示，新的横向多普勒效应公式有着更为深刻的物理机制，这是狭义相对论的横向多普勒效应公式所没有的。根据后者，横向多普勒效应有所谓“经典项”和“时间膨胀效应”贡献的区别。而根据新的横向多普勒效应公式，横向多普勒效应的本质只是动量合成机制的结果。这似乎意味着一个对狭义相对论效应的物理意义进行解释的新方法，也似乎是走出狭义相对论的一个突破口。
关键词： 光子动量合成法则；横向多普勒效应；狭义相对论修正；系统误差；四阶效应
Abstract
By considering only how the velocity of a light source affects the frequency, momentum and energy of the emitted photons, and assuming that the speed of light (relative to the ether frame) is constant while the photon mass is variable, one can treat the problem through the vector-synthesis rule for photon momentum. This yields a Doppler-shift formula that, in the special case of observation perpendicular to the source velocity, reduces to a new transverse Doppler-effect (TDE) formula. Expanding this new formula in powers of v/c shows the same second-order term as Einstein’s special-relativistic (SR) expression, but its fourth-order coefficient is positive, whereas the SR coefficient is negative; consequently the new prediction is slightly larger than the SR one. A re-analysis of the five classic TDE tests of special relativity reveals that every measured frequency shift is systematically larger than the SR prediction, suggesting the presence of a common, unaccounted-for error. Because the new formula gives values that are uniformly higher than the SR values, it agrees noticeably better with the observed shifts. Moreover, as the source speed approaches c the fourth-order term of the SR formula drives the predicted shift farther from the data, while the fourth-order term of the new formula pulls it closer. This behavior indicates that the new formula rests on a deeper dynamical mechanism than the SR expression. Within special relativity the TDE is ascribed to the combination of a “classical” term and a “time-dilation” contribution; in the new approach it emerges solely from momentum composition. The result suggests both a fresh physical interpretation of what are usually called relativistic effects and a possible route beyond the confines of special relativity.
Key words： Photon momentum composition rule; Transverse Doppler effect; Special relativity correction; systematic error; Fourth-order effect
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